The Legal Today

THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL’S (DUTIES, POWERS AND  CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1971 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY SECTIONS 1. Short title. 2. Definitions. CHAPTER II : SALARY AND OTHER CONDITIONS OF SERVICE OF THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL 3. Salary. 4. Term of office. 5. Leave. 6. Pension. 7. [Omitted.]. 8. Right to subscribe to the General Provident Fund. 9. Other conditions of service. CHAPTER III : DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL 10. Comptroller and Auditor-General to compile accounts of Union and States. 11. Comptroller and Auditor-General to prepare and submit accounts to the President, Governors of States and Administrators of Union territories having Legislative Assemblies. 12. Comptroller and Auditor-General to give information and render assistance to the Union and  States. 13. General provisions relating to audit. 14. Audit of receipts and expenditure of bodies or authorities substantially financed from Union ...

Visual pollution and Nails into trees Visual pollution Visual pollution is a big problem in the localities, whether it is urban or rural. Nails have been pierced in the trees to hang banners and posters advertising the business of the hawkers. As well as the non-government organisations, political parties, politicians, etc. are spreading visual pollution everywhere. How is visual pollution made Visual pollution refers to things that obstruct or distract from natural and manmade landscapes. Visual pollution disturbs the visual area of people by creating harmful changes in the natural environment. Billboards, open storage of trash, antennas, electric wires, buildings, and automobiles are often considered visual pollution. The overcrowding of an area causes visual pollution. Visual pollution can be defined as the whole of irregular formations, which are mostly found in nature. Not only and aesthetic issue Sometimes visual pollution is called an aesthetic issue, referring to the impacts of...

Before whom affidavits to be sworn? The first provision in this regard was made on 12th October 1877. The litigants who wanted to file applications before the Privy Council or the then High Courts were facilitated by the then government. The provision is completing 146 years tomorrow on 12th October 2023. On this occasion the author is tempted to write this article for the information of citizens of India,  whom the author loves a lot. From the desk of Advocate R S Ghatge with love ….. Before whom affidavits to be sworn? This question arises not only before the common litigants but also before the advocates. There are different provisions regarding this.  The basic provision is section 139 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Section 139 provides that, 139. Oath on affidavit by whom to be administered: - in the case of any affidavit under this Code - Any Court or magistrate, or      (aa) any notary appointed under the notaries act, 1952; or  Any ...

  Talk less do more While working for the business ecosystem, popularly known as BE, this morning the author was talking with one of our senior promoters Mr Sanjay Sonawani.  He told the author a recent story of his Japanese assistant. This is the short story of Fozio Osho. For at least 10 days Osho was assisting Sanjay. Osho was never seen carrying a mobile handset with him anytime in those 10 days.  But Osho never missed a single appointment whether it is regarding morning attendance, breakfast, lunch, all other important meetings and tours throughout Japan. Osho has not missed a single event planned.  Sanjay was thinking that Japan is a very backward country or undeveloped country. Because he could hardly see any mobile in the hands of other Japanese also. Osho used to come in the morning at 7 o'clock and used to leave by 10 o'clock in the evening. He was obedient and polite. Osho never sat in front of Sanjay throughout the tour. Whenever Sanjay looked at Osho San...

  Constitution 1: Who should be called master? Even when I am in my own house, I say that I am the master of the house. Then we have a feeling of belonging, which is called the feeling of ownership. I keep enjoying myself with happiness. If there are any rights of any other person then I will decide them. If there are community rights on it in addition to other rights, then I still get to decide, at least I have an active and decisive participation in the decision making process. Not only this, I also have a decisive role in the process of banning its use. I have complete freedom to decide which item I use in my house and which item is used equally by all the members of the house. This freedom is a symbol of mastery. The same thing happens when the material is used in common. I have to keep in mind that the other persons also have the same freedom along with my freedom to consume the material. Then the rules of temporal ownership apply. In temporary ownership, ownership is acquired...

Constitution 2: Fundamental Rights While looking at the definition of citizen we have seen that a citizen is basically a person or resident who enjoys civil rights. These civil rights can also include human rights, political rights in a broad sense. Civil rights also have to be included in the fundamental rights enshrined in Chapter III of the Constitution of India, which is not only supremely sacred in view of the Union of India, but also the fundamental rights are the civil rights of Indian citizens. The basic rights which are generally protected by Indian citizens in the original Indian state constitution have been protected in the Indian state constitution. Their general analysis is as follows- 1. Right to Equality- This will also include the following aspects: the equal treatment of everyone before the law, prevents discrimination on various grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth , treats everybody as equals in matters of public employment, and abolishes untoucha...